Exterior deep base paint formulation

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides increased stain resistance, tannin blocking, adhesion, and various other properties. A composition in accordance with the principles of the present invention comprises at least three binders, nanoparticle pigment, and pigmentary titanium dioxide. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a coating on a substrate wherein the coating has three binders, nanoparticle metal oxide pigment, and pigmentary titanium dioxide. Various additives may be included to formulate paint as known in the art.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/914,439, hereby incorporated in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to paints with polymer resin deep baseformulation. More particularly, the present invention relates to paintshaving a nanoparticle based pigment and at least three binders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Traditionally, consumers have had to choose between the superiordurability offered by latex paints and the superior hiding properties ofoil-based paint. Conventional latex or emulsion paints require anunderlying primer coat prior to their application to provide an adequatelevel of blocking and to prevent bleed-through, such as of tannins. Inaddition, many conventional latex paints require a primer coat toprovide adequate adhesion and durability for specific applications.Often, even when a primer is applied, multiple coats of the prior artpaints are required to prevent an alteration of color due to thepresence of the primer or bleed through of dyes and pigments from theunderlying substrate. In fact, multiple applications of prior art paintwill not prevent bleed-through on substrates such as cedar since thedyes and pigments, such as tannins contained in the substrates, areoften water soluble and diffuse through each layer of the latex paint.

Paint typically contains four essential ingredients, namely pigment,binder, liquid and additives. Any or all of these ingredients may be asingle component or may comprise multiple items. Pigment provides colorto paint and also makes paint opaque, and pigment is usually of mineralor organic origin although some pigments are artificially produced. Somepigments possess little or no bulk and must be fixed on a more solid,but at the same time transparent, substance or base. “Prime” pigmentsprovide color and opacity (opaque coverage). The most common primepigment is titanium dioxide, which is white and is used in latex andoil-based paints.

Traditionally, pigments have also added hiding properties to paint.Specialty or extender pigments may also be used and provide bulk to thepaint at a low cost. The extender pigments are often chosen for theirimpact on properties like scrub resistance, stain resistance and chalkresistance. Alum or clay are frequently used for this purpose. Thesepigments are added to the paint to provide certain characteristics suchas thickness, a certain level of gloss and durability. They are usuallynaturally occurring products which originally were in the earth and weremined and purified for use in paint. Such pigments as calcium carbonate,talc and clay are, for example, used extensively in paints.

The binder holds the pigment and also adheres it to a surface, and abinder composition may have more than one component. In latex paint, thelatex resin is the binder. Most commonly in latex paint, the binder is100% acrylic, vinyl acrylic (polyvinyl acetate), or styrenated acrylic.The pigment particles are insoluble and merely form a suspension in thebinder. The binder “binds” the pigment into a tough, continuous film andas noted above helps the paint adhere to the surface. In addition, ithas been found previously that the use of 100% acrylic binder providesfor maximum adhesion when wet and also provides for resistance toblistering and peeling, resistance to mildew and dirt, and alkaliresistance for paint applied over fresh masonry.

Liquids carry the pigment and binders, and this liquid is the part ofthe paint or coatings product which evaporates. The role of the liquidis to keep the paint in a fluid form for ease of application. Onceapplied to the surface it evaporates leaving a uniform film which thendries to form a protective coating. The liquid used is primarilydetermined by the solubility of the binder. In oil-based and alkydpaints, the liquid is typically an organic solvent, and in latex paints,the liquid is typically water. Traditionally, top quality paints haveless liquid and more solids (i.e. pigment & binders) as measured bypercent solid.

Additives are ingredients used at low levels to provide key properties,such as but not limited to: mildew resistance, improved flow andleveling, and spatter resistance. Common additives used in conventionalpaint formulations include rheology modifiers, surfactants, defoamers,coalescents, and biocides. Other numerous additives are well-known inthe art and may be utilized as required to formulate a paint having thedesired properties.

Various techniques are known in the art for producing paints havingvarious types of sheens, i.e. “shine” or gloss. For example, byincrementally increasing pigment levels and/or by using larger pigmentparticles, various gloss levels can be achieved including, but notlimited to flat, satin, and semi-gloss. Pigment volume concentration(PVC) is often associated with the paint finish, although variousfinishes may have overlapping ranges of PVC. PVC is the unit volume ofpigments as a percentage of the volume of pigments plus the volume ofthe binder. PVC represents the relationship between durability of thecoating and the amount of pigment.

In addition to the sheens, it is well known in the art to formulatepaint compositions to allow for the desired pigment which is added forcolor. For example, where a near white coating is desired a high volumeof TiO₂ may be used and a small volume of coloring pigment is necessary.In contrast, where a dark color is preferred in the final coating, alarge volume of coloring pigment is needed and a corresponding decreasein the amount of TiO₂ is necessary.

Thus, there is a need for a high colorant volume paint composition andmethod of making the same to replace the traditional role of a primerand topcoat system and which is capable of providing a coating havingimproved properties such as, tannin blocking, hiding power, stainremoval, and corrosion resistance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a binder composition and apaint system with superior tannin blocking, stain removal, corrosionresistance, adhesion, and various other improved properties. The presentinvention preferably includes a three binder system with an inorganicnano-particle pigment and with a pigmentary titanium dioxide. In oneembodiment, a paint composition in accordance with the principles of thepresent invention further includes additives for formulating paint. Inanother embodiment, the present invention relates to a coating on asubstrate that provides improved coverage through the use of at leastthree binders, an inorganic nano-particle pigment and a pigmentarytitanium dioxide.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a multi-axis property graph of the test results of paintof the present invention having a satin sheen and white base, ascompared to commercially available exterior satin in a white base;

FIG. 2 depicts a multi-axis property graph of the test results of flatwhite base paint in accordance with the principles of the presentinvention, as compared to a commercially available exterior flat paintin a white base;

FIG. 3 illustrates a multi-axis property graph of the test results forsemi-gloss white base paint of the present invention versus acommercially-available, exterior semi-gloss paint in a white base;

FIG. 4 illustrates a multi-axis property graph for a flat white basepaint of the present invention versus a second commercially availableexterior flat paint in a white base;

FIG. 5 illustrates a multi-axis property graph for a satin white basepaint of the present invention versus a second commercially-available,exterior satin paint in a white base;

FIG. 6 illustrates a multi-axis property graph for a semigloss deep basepaint of the present invention versus a commercially-available exteriorpaint; and

FIG. 7 illustrates a multi-axis property graph for a satin deep basepaint of the present invention versus a commercially-available exteriorpaint.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is directed in part to a polymer compositionwithin a paint system which replaces the traditional role of a primerand a topcoat with improved properties such as tannin blocking, stainremoval, adhesion, and corrosion resistance. In one embodiment, thepresent invention relates to a composition having a first binder, asecond binder, inorganic nanoparticle pigments, and in some cases athird binder. This composition can be used in a conventional paintformulation as known in the art.

Binders for use in the present invention include those prepared byconventionally known methods. Suitable binders include, but are notlimited to, 100% acrylic resins and styrenated, acrylic resins asmanufactured. Preferably, the first binder is a 100% acrylic resindesigned to be used as a primer vehicle, and the second binder is a 100%acrylic resin designed to be used in top coating applications.

Pigments for use in the present invention may comprise any suitablepigments known in the art. In one embodiment, the pigments of thepresent invention are titanium oxide or zinc oxide but other suitablepigments include nepheline syenite, bentonite, and calcium carbonate.Preferably, the primary pigment is titanium dioxide, such ascommercially available pigments.

Metal oxide nanoparticle materials for use in a preferred embodiment ofthe invention have an average particle size of about 20-150 nanometers,although some embodiments can employ average sizes outside this range.In one preferred embodiment, the nanoparticle material is a zinc oxidematerial having an average particle size of about 60 nm.

A paint can be prepared in accordance with the principles of the presentinvention according to a number of known manufacturing methods.Generally, such methods involve the preparation of a binder or amultiple binder system, mixing of the additional ingredients, dispersingof the pigments, and adjusting the density and viscosity to desiredlevels. A variety of additives and diluents which are well known in theart can be mixed with the binders of the present invention to achievecertain properties in the paint or the coating. The additives mayinclude, but are not limited to, surfactants, defoamers, rheologymodifiers, coalescents, biocides, mildewcides, surfactants, and otheradditives well known in the art.

In one embodiment, a paint in accordance with the principles of thepresent invention is manufactured to a VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds)content of about 150 grams per liter (gr/L), including about 37% solidby volume, about 51% solid by weight, about 34 PVC, and about 1.5pigment to binder ratio.

The PVC of paint in accordance with the principles of a preferred formof the present invention may vary between about 4 and about 55 byweight. In one embodiment of the present invention the paint is a“semi-gloss paint”, which has a relatively low PVC. In anotherembodiment of the present invention, the paint is a “satin paint”, whichhas a relatively high PVC. In another embodiment of the presentinvention, the paint is a “flat paint”, which has a relatively high PVCcompared to satin paint.

Table 1 lists the general ranges of the main ingredients of a paint inaccordance with the principles of a preferred embodiment. The totalamount of binder (i.e., polymer, latex, vehicle) is preferably betweenabout 30 and about 60 gallons per 100 gallons. The total amount ofpigment, excluding the titanium dioxide (TiO₂), is preferably betweenabout 15 and about 325 pounds per 100 gallons. The TiO₂ content ispreferably between 0 pounds per gallon and about 360 pounds per 100gallons. The preservatives comprise between about 5 and about 8 poundsper 100 gallons. Additional additives comprise about 50 and about 200pounds per 100 gallons. Water comprises between about 50 and about 200pounds per 100 gallons. The paint further includes additional solvent,aside from the water content of between about 0 and about 45 pounds per100 gallons.

TABLE 1 Ingredients Range Pounds/100 Gallons Category Minimum MaximumAdditive 50.00 200.00 Binder 450.00 635.00 Extender Pigment 15.00 150.0Titanium Dioxide 0.00 360.00 Preservative 5.0 8.0 Water 50.00 200.00Solvent 0.00 45.00 Total 600 1598 Volume % Solids 25 40 Weight % Solids30 55 PVC 4 55

The preferred formulation process consists of two conventional steps:the grind and the letdown. During the grind, the solvent (water),dispersant, defoamer, zinc oxide, ethylene glycol, amino alcohol,nepheline syenite, attapulgite clay are mixed together. During theletdown, the binder, the mildewcide, the rheology modifier, and thebiocide, are added to the grind product.

The following non-limiting examples illustrate main components of thepaint formulations and the paint formulations themselves. Table 2provides the material ranges for the components of the paintformulations of Examples 1-4.

TABLE 2 Raw Material Ranges Range in Raw Material lbs/100 gal Water 70-220 Copolymer Dispersant 10-20 Nanoparticle Inorganic Oxide  4-20Zinc Oxide 0-7 Phosphated Co-Ester Surfactant 3-6 Mineral Oil Defoamer4-8 Extender Pigment  10-305 Glycol  0-35 Rheology Modifier 15-30 100%Acrylic Primer Binder 340-430 100% Acrylic Topcoat Binder  70-100Styrene Acrylic Topcoat Binder  0-180 Coalescent  0-15 In-can Biocide0.5-2   Mildewcide 6-8 Non-ionic Rheology Modifier  7-25 Amino Alcohol0-1 Titanium Dioxide  0-350 Bentonite 0-6 Fluoro Surfactant   0-0.4Opaque Polymer  0-110 Attapulgite Clay 0-8 Non-ionic Surfactant 0-5Calcined Diatomaceous  0-45

Example 1 Semi-Gloss Finish

Example 1 was formulated using the basic components of Table 2, with thefollowing specific components:

TABLE 3 Description Amount Weight % Grind Water 73.92 6.98 CopolymerDispersant 15.02 1.42 Mineral Oil Defoamer 2.00 0.19 Zinc Oxide 5.000.47 Nanoparticle Metal Oxide 3.00 0.28 Ethylene Glycol 32.00 3.02 AminoAlcohol 0.50 0.05 Non-ionic Surfactant 4.00 0.38 Nepheline Syenite 10.000.94 Attapulgite Clay 5.00 0.47 Letdown 100% Acrylic Primer Binder410.65 38.77 100% Acrylic Topcoat Binder 86.44 8.16 Mineral Oil Defoamer3.00 0.28 TiO₂ Slurry 297.00 28.04 Coalescent 8.00 0.76 AssociativeRheology Modifier 28.00 2.64 Non-ionic HEUR Rheology 8.00 0.76 ModifierOpaque Polymer 58.80 5.55 Phosphated Co-ester Surfactant 1.00 0.09Mildewcide 6.94 0.65 In-can Biocide 1.00 0.09

Example 2 Satin Finish

Example 2 was formulated using the basic components of Table 2, with thefollowing specific components:

TABLE 4 Grind Amount Weight % Water 45.35 4.06 Copolymer Dispersant15.02 1.35 Mineral Oil Defoamer 3.00 0.27 Nanoparticle Metal Oxide 15.001.34 Ethylene Glycol 37.00 3.32 Amino Alcohol 0.50 0.04 Non-ionicSurfactant 2.00 0.18 Nepheline Syenite 105.02 9.41 Attapulgite Clay 5.010.45 Letdown 100% Acrylic Primer Binder 410.60 36.82 100% AcrylicTopcoat Binder 86.43 7.75 TiO₂ Slurry 294.32 26.39 Coalescent 8.00 0.72Phosphated Co-ester Surfactant 1.00 0.09 Associative Rheology Modifier25.00 2.24 Non-ionic HEUR Rheology 4.00 0.36 Modifier Opaque Polymer50.05 4.49 Mildewcide 6.94 0.62 In-can Biocide 1.00 0.09

Example 3 Flat Finish

Example 3 was formulated using the basic components of Table 2, with thefollowing specific components:

TABLE 5 Grind Amount Weight % Water 25.27 2.18 Ethylene Glycol 22.551.95 Non-ionic Surfactant 2.00 0.17 Copolymer Dispersant 15.30 1.32 ZincOxide 4.92 0.42 Nanoparticle Metal Oxide 4.92 0.43 Amino Alcohol 0.980.09 Mineral Oil Defoamer 1.97 0.17 Nepheline Syenite 94.70 8.18Attapulgite Clay 7.92 0.68 Phosphated Co-ester Surfactant 3.87 0.33Letdown TiO₂ Slurry 350.02 30.26 Water 82.22 7.1 Calcined DiatomaceousEarth 44.28 3.82 100% Acrylic Primer Binder 285.04 24.64 100% AcrylicTopcoat Binder 60.02 5.19 Opaque Polymer 105.79 9.15 Coalescent 7.870.68 Associative Rheology Modifier 18.81 1.63 Mildewcide 6.82 0.59Mineral Oil Defoamer 3.94 0.34 Non-ionic HEUR Rheology 6.43 0.56Modifier In-can Biocide 0.96 0.08

Example 4 Flat Finish

Example 4 was formulated using the basic components of Table 2, with thefollowing specific components:

TABLE 6 Grind Amount Weight % Water 197.00 21.15 Ethylene Glycol 30.003.22 Non-ionic Surfactant 1.00 0.85 Copolymer Dispersant 8.00 0.86Nanoparticle Metal Oxide 8.00 0.86 Mineral Oil Defoamer 6.00 0.64Nepheline Syenite 90.0 9.64 Bentonite 6.00 0.64 Letdown Opaque 4.00 .43100% Acrylic Primer Binder 366.00 39.3 100% Acrylic First Topcoat Binder77.00 8.27 Second Acrylic Topcoat Binder 82.00 8.8 Coalescent 5.00 0.54Associative Rheology Modifier 18.00 1.9 Mildewcide 6.92 0.74 Non-ionicHEUR Rheology 25.00 2.68 Modifier In-can Biocide 1.00 0.1

Adhesion Tests

Various adhesion tests were performed to determine the adhesionproperties of a paint in accordance with the principles of the presentinvention on different substances. The results of the tests compare apaint of the present invention to a typical, commercially-availablepaint and typical, commercially available primer, and these tests arepresented in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Adhesion Test Results Rated by ASTM D3359 Acrylic Exterior SatinPaint Formulation Acrylic Exterior Primer* Satin Topcoat* Adhesion TestTest Condition of the present invention (Control) (Control) Alkyd greenovernight, dry/wet 5B/4B 5B/4B 5B/5B gray overnight, dry/wet 5B/5B 5B/5B5B/5B Chalk blue latex panel overnight, dry/wet 5B/5B 5B/4B 5B/5B WoodCedar overnight, dry/wet 4B/5B 3B/3B 4B/5B Oak overnight, dry/wet 5B/5B5B/4B 5B/5B Redwood overnight, dry/wet 5B/5B 5B/4B 5B/5B PT greenovernight, dry/wet 5B/5B 5B/5B 5B/5B Vinyl Siding new vinyl overnight,dry/wet 5B/5B 5B/5B B/5B weathered vinyl overnight, dry/wet 5B/5B 5B/5B5B/5B Metals galvanized steel overnight, dry/wet 4B/5B 3B/3B 0B/0B 3day, dry/wet 5B/3B 4B/4B 0B/0B aluminum roll overnight, dry/wet 2B/3B3B/3B 0B/0B 3 day, dry/wet 4B/5B 4B/4B 0B/0B Miscellaneous glossy blacktile overnight, dry/wet 5B/3B 2B/0B 0B/0B 3 day, dry/wet 5B/5B 5B/2B0B/0B clay tile overnight, dry/wet 5B/3B 1B/0B 1B/0B 3 day, dry/wet5B/5B 5B/5B 3B/0B bull nose brick overnight, dry/wet 5B/0B 4B/0B 4B/0B 3day, dry/wet 5B/0B 5B/0B 2B/0B *The control Acrylic Exterior Primer andControl Acrylic Exterior Topcoat tested were at least comparable tothose readily available on the commercial market.

In addition, a battery of tests were performed to evaluate the overallperformance of a paint in accordance with the principles of the presentinvention at various sheens as compared to paints currently available inthe marketplace. As shown in the results in Tables 8 and 9, the paintprepared in accordance with the principles of the present inventionoutperformed all of the other paints in the respective category.

TABLE 8 Flat Sheen Benchmarking Composite Scores Flat Paint Formulationof the Present Commercial Acrylic Test Invention Flat** Possible ScoreFreeze-Thaw 1 0 2 Heat Stability 1.5 3 3 Applied Holding 7.5 5 10Leveling 5 0 5 Touch-up 7.5 10 10 Drying Time 2 2 2 Sag Resistance 3 3 3Roller Foam 3 3 3 Roller Spatter 1 0.5 1 3 mil Contrast 20 6 20 RatioDry Adhesion 12 7.5 15 Blistering 9 9 9 Resistance Wet Adhesion 15 15 15Water Spotting 2 2 2 Total Score 89.5 66 100 **The Commercial AcrylicFlat paint tested was at least comparable to those readily available onthe commercial market.

As seen in Table 9, the satin sheen of the present invention exhibitsimproved leveling, roller foam, contrast, and dry adhesion.

TABLE 9 Satin Sheen Benchmarking Composite Scores Satin PaintFormulation of Commercial the Present Commercial Acrylic SiliconeAcrylic Test Invention Exterior Satin*** Exterior Satin*** PossibleScore Freeze-Thaw 2 1 2 2 Heat Stability 3 3 3 3 Applied Holding 10 5 1010 Leveling 5 2.5 0 5 Touch-up 7.5 4 7.5 10 Drying Time 2 2 2 2 SagResistance 3 3 3 3 Roller Foam 3 3 1.5 3 Roller Spatter 1 1 1 1 3 milContrast 20 20 14 20 Ratio Dry Adhesion 12 0 12 15 Blistering 15 7 15 9Resistance Wet Adhesion 9 15 9 15 Water Spotting 2 2 2 2 Total Score94.5 68.5 82 100 ***The Commercial Acrylic Satin Exterior and CommercialSilicone Acrylic Exterior Satin tested were at least comparable to thosereadily available on the commercial market.

As illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, paint prepared in accordancewith the principles of the present invention exhibits improvements inadhesion, tannin blocking, stain removal, hiding power, and corrosionresistance. FIG. 1 depicts a multi-axis property graph of the testresults of paint of the present invention having a satin sheen and whitebase, as compared to commercially-available, exterior satin in a whitebase. Adhesion, yellowing, stain removal, hiding power, scrubresistance, corrosion, and tannin blocking were measured. FIG. 2 depictsa multi-axis property graph of the test results of flat white base paintin accordance with the principles of the present invention, as comparedto a commercially available exterior flat paint in a white base. FIG. 3illustrates a multi-axis property graph of the test results forsemi-gloss white base paint of the present invention versus acommercially available exterior semi-gloss paint in a white base. Allproperties were improved in formulations in accordance with theprinciples of the present invention with the exception of scrubresistance and yellowing, which showed a reduction. FIG. 4 illustrates amulti-axis property graph for a flat white base paint of the presentinvention versus a second commercially-available, exterior flat paint ina white base. All properties were improved in formulations in accordancewith the principles of the present invention. FIG. 5 illustrates amulti-axis property graph for a satin white base paint of the presentinvention verses a second commercially-available, exterior satin paintin a white base. All properties were improved in formulations inaccordance with the principles of the present invention.

Deep Base Formulations

One aspect of the present invention relates to paints which have deepbase formulations. Deep base formulations are generally understood bythe art as base paint formulations which are intended to have a highlevel of pigment added to them to achieve the desired color, typically avery vivid or dark color. The present invention shall refer to any ofthe multitude of formulations designed to accept larger volumes ofpigment as “deep base”, though such formulations are sometimes refers tonot only as deep base, but as accent base, ultra-deep base, and neutralbase. These formulations are designed to be able to accept a largervolume (and weight percent) of pigment. In one embodiment, paintformulations which include less than 60 pounds/100 gallons ofpigmentary-sized pigment (e.g. TiO₂) are considered to be deep baseformulations.

In one embodiment, in a deep base formulation, the three binder systempreviously described exhibits less than ideal characteristics whendried. Thus, in one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, athird binder is added to the paint formulation to form a compositionwhich exhibits the properties of “lighter” base paints as discussedpreviously and shown in FIGS. 1-5. This third binder comprises a secondtopcoat binder. Thus, a deep base formulation in accordance with theprinciples of the present invention comprises a first primer binder, afirst topcoat binder, and a second topcoat binder. In one embodiment,the binders are acrylic binders; and in one exemplary embodiment, thebinders are each self-crosslinking. In one embodiment, the amount of thesecond topcoat binder is varied in relation to the amount of TiO₂ to beadded (i.e., less TiO₂ is utilized when more colorant is used). Table 10provides a general formulation for a deep base paint in accordance withthe principles of the present invention. Such deep base formulations canbe designed, as known in the art, to have any of the paint coatingfinishes discussed above, such as semi gloss or satin. In addition, oneof ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the ratio of primer totopcoat binder maybe be varied to achieve the desired balance ofcoverage (primer) and finished look (topcoat).

TABLE 10 General Deep Base Formulation Approximate Solid Grind Weight %Water  4-20 Ethylene Glycol 2.0-2.5 Copolymer Dispersant 0.5-1.0Nanoparticle Metal Oxide 0.5-1.0 Mineral Oil Defoamer   0-0.5 NephelineSyenite 1.5-2.5 Clay 0.2-0.3 Nonionic surfactant 0.3-0.5 LetdownCellulosic thickener   0-0.2 Water 0-5 First Primer Binder 10-22 FirstTopcoat Binder 2-6 Second Topcoat Binder 35-55 Coalescent 2-3 RheologyModifier 0.5-1.0 Mildewcide   0-1.0 Non-ionic HEUR Rheology 3-5 ModifierIn-can Biocide   0-0.2

Deep Base Examples

FIGS. 6 and 7 depict a multi-axis property graphs of the test results,similar to those in FIGS. 1-5 for the two-binder formulation describedabove, of a deep base paint of Table 11, as compared tocommercially-available, exterior paint. FIG. 6 provides a comparison ofa semigloss deep base paint having a 70/30 ratio as set forth in Table11. FIG. 7 provides a similar comparison as FIG. 6, but for a 70/30ratio deep base having a satin finish as listed in Table 12.

As discussed above, the present invention encompasses various ratios ofthe three binders depending on the desired “finish” of the coating.Table 11 illustrates the same information for a semigloss finish. Table12 illustrates exemplary weight percentages and ratios for three commonbinder ratios for a satin finish.

TABLE 11 Weight Ratios for semigloss “Deep Base” formulations SemiglossDeep Wet lbs Dry lbs % by dry weight solid Ratio 60:40 Ratio Firstprimer binder 193 83 31 40 First topcoat binder 49 25 9 Second topcoatbinder 356 160 60 60 70:30 Ratio First primer binder 145 62 23 30 Firsttopcoat binder 37 19 7 Second topcoat binder 416 187 70 70 80:20 RatioFirst primer binder 97 41 15.5 20 First topcoat binder 25 13 4.5 Secondtopcoat binder 476 214 80 80

TABLE 12 Weight Ratios for satin “Deep Base” formulations Satin Deep Wetlbs Dry lbs % by dry weight solid Ratio 60:40 Ratio First primer binder192 83 31 40 First topcoat binder 48 25 9 Second topcoat binder 355 16060 60 70:30 Ratio First primer binder 144 62 23 30 First topcoat binder36 19 7 Second topcoat binder 415 187 70 70 80:20 Ratio First primerbinder 96 41 15.5 20 First topcoat binder 24 12 4.5 Second topcoatbinder 475 214 80 80

While several embodiments have been shown and described in thisapplication, it is understood that changes and modifications can be madeto the invention without departing from the invention's broader aspects.The examples and specific formulations are for illustrative purposes andshould not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. Unlessotherwise specified, weight percentages are solid weight percentages.

1. A process for producing a paint composition comprising the steps of: dispersing a pigment in a solvent to form a dispersion; mixing the dispersion with grind additives comprising a nanoparticle metal oxide; adding a first 100% acrylic primer binder, a first acrylic topcoat binder, and a second acrylic topcoat binder to the dispersion in a respective ratio selected from the group consisting of 23:7:70, and 15.5:4.5:80; and adding letdown additives to the dispersion.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle metal oxide comprises zinc oxide.
 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle metal oxide comprises particles having an average particle size of less than 100 nanometers.
 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle metal oxide comprises particles having an average particle size of between about 30 nanometers and about 65 nanometers.
 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of adding the first acrylic topcoat binder includes adding a 100% acrylic topcoat binder.
 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the first 100% acrylic primer binder comprises a self-crosslinking polymer.
 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the second acrylic topcoat binder comprises a 100% acrylic binder.
 8. A process for producing a paint composition comprising the steps of: dispersing a nanoparticle metal oxide in a solvent with a dispersant to form a dispersion; mixing the dispersion with grind additives including pigmentary titanium dioxide; adding a first acrylic primer binder, a second acrylic topcoat binder, and a third acrylic topcoat binder to the dispersion in a respective ratio selected from the group consisting of 23:7:70, and 15.5:4.5:80; and adding letdown additives to the dispersion. 